THE U.S. MILITARY AS GEOGRAPHICAL AGENT: THE CASE OF COLD WAR ALASKA*     

LAUREL J. HUMMEL 《Geographical review》2005,95(1):47-72

ABSTRACT. Alaska was strategically key to the U.S. defense plan during the cold war (1946–1989). As such, it was the scene of an enormous and sustained military investment, the effect of which was amplified by Alaska's undiversified economy, sparse development, small resident population, and marginalized political status at the beginning of the era. The strong military presence affected Alaskan demographics, economic development, and infrastructure and figured prominently in the admission of Alaska to the union in 1959. The high profile and long‐term presence of the U.S. military had such a dramatic affect on the course of Alaska that the result was tantamount to a “militarized landscape.”  相似文献   

Upper mantle structure of the South American continent and neighboring oceans from surface wave tomography     

Maggy Heintz  Eric Debayle  Alain Vauchez   《Tectonophysics》2005,406(1-2):115-139

We present a new three-dimensional SV-wave velocity model for the upper mantle beneath South America and the surrounding oceans, built from the waveform inversion of 5850 Rayleigh wave seismograms. The dense path coverage and the use of higher modes to supplement the fundamental mode of surface waves allow us to constrain seismic heterogeneities with horizontal wavelengths of a few hundred kilometres in the uppermost 400 km of the mantle.The large scale features of our tomographic model confirm previous results from global and regional tomographic studies (e.g. the depth extent of the high velocity cratonic roots down to about 200–250 km).Several new features are highlighted in our model. Down to 100 km depth, the high velocity lid beneath the Amazonian craton is separated in two parts associated with the Guyana and Guapore shields, suggesting that the rifting episode responsible for the formation of the Amazon basin has involved a significant part of the lithosphere. Along the Andean subduction belt, the structure of the high velocity anomaly associated with the sudbduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate reflects the along-strike variation in dip of the subducting plate. Slow velocities are observed down to about 100 km and 150 km at the intersection of the Carnegie and Chile ridges with the continent and are likely to represent the thermal anomalies associated with the subducted ridges. These lowered velocities might correspond to zones of weakness in the subducted plate and may have led to the formation of “slab windows” developed through unzipping of the subducted ridges; these windows might accommodate a transfer of asthenospheric mantle from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. From 150 to 250 km depth, the subducting Nazca plate is associated with high seismic velocities between 5°S and 37°S. We find high seismic velocities beneath the Paraná basin down to about 200 km depth, underlain by a low velocity anomaly in the depth range 200–400 km located beneath the Ponta Grossa arc at the southern tip of the basin. This high velocity anomaly is located southward of a narrow S-wave low velocity structure observed between 200 and 500–600 km depth in body wave studies, but irresolvable with our long period datasets. Both anomalies point to a model in which several, possibly diachronous, plumes have risen to the surface to generate the Paraná large igneous province (LIP).  相似文献   

Directional dependence of P- and S-wave propagation and polarization in foliated rocks from the Kola superdeep well: Evidence from laboratory measurements and calculations based on TOF neutron diffraction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T.I. Ivankina  H.M. Kern  A.N. Nikitin 《Tectonophysics》2005,407(1-2):25-42

We have measured P- and S-wave velocities on two amphibolite and two gneiss samples from the Kola superdeep borehole as a function of pressure (up to 600 MPa) and temperature (up to 600 °C). The velocity measurements include compressional (Vp) and shear wave velocities (Vs1, Vs2) propagating in three orthogonal directions which were in general not parallel to inherent rock symmetry axes or planes. The measurements are accompanied by 3D-velocities calculations based on lattice preferred orientation (LPO) obtained by TOF (Time Of Flight) neutron diffraction analysis which allows the investigation of bulk volumes up to several cubic centimetres due to the high penetration depth of neutrons. The LPO-based numerical velocity calculations give important information on the different contribution of the various rock-forming minerals to bulk elastic anisotropy and on the relations of seismic anisotropy, shear wave splitting, and shear wave polarization to the structural reference frame (foliation and lineation). Comparison with measured velocities obtained for the three propagation directions that were not in accordance with the structural frame of the rocks (foliation and lineation) demonstrate that for shear waves propagating through anisotropic rocks the vibration directions are as important as the propagation directions. The study demonstrates that proper measurement of shear wave splitting by means of two orthogonal polarized sending and receiving shear wave transducers is only possible when their propagation and polarization directions are parallel and normal to foliation and lineation, respectively.  相似文献   

Identification of Permian palaeowind direction from wave-dominated lacustrine sediments (Lodève Basin, France)     

STÉPHANE POCHAT  JEAN VAN DEN DRIESSCHE  VALÉRIE MOUTON  FRANÇOIS GUILLOCHEAU 《Sedimentology》2005,52(4):809-825

Lacustrine environments are an excellent indicator of continental palaeoclimate. In particular, the sedimentary record of waves in lakes may be used to constrain atmospheric palaeocirculation. Wave ripples have been identified in a Permian lacustrine basin (the Salagou Formation, 260–250 Ma, Lodève Basin) located in the southern French Massif Central, part of the western European Hercynian mountain chain. Wave ripple patterns are interpreted with regards to hydrodynamics and water palaeodepth. It is shown that, in the case of the Salagou Formation, wave ripple orientations were controlled by the direction of the prevailing palaeowind. The Late Permian wind blew from between north and 20° east of north, possibly over several millions of years and certainly throughout the period of deposition of about 2000 m of strata in the Lodève Basin. Permian lacustrine sedimentation is widespread and well preserved on the Earth's surface and so wave ripple data may help constrain numerical modelling of the Earth's past climates, especially with regards to Permian times outside of desert regions.  相似文献   

东北冷涡诱发的一次MCS结构特征数值模拟   总被引：22，自引：4，他引：22  

陈力强  陈受钧  周小珊  潘向党 《气象学报》2005,63(2):173-183

应用MM5模式对2002年7月12日东北冷涡诱发的强风暴进行了数值模拟,较成功地模拟出了MCS强对流风暴结构。东北冷涡南部锋区斜压扰动及有利的潜在不稳定层结为MCS产生提供了环境条件。MCS在发展阶段,天气尺度抬升使不稳定能量积累,低层中尺度能量锋区及中尺度气旋性环流加强使中尺度辐合加强,产生中尺度强上升气流冲破中层稳定层结,倾斜上升逐渐发展为垂直上升。MCS强风暴成熟阶段地面气压场表现为强的雷暴高压,并有弱的前导低压和尾随低压配合。对应于雷暴高压的边界层冷丘与南部的暖湿气流形成的θe不连续线加强了低层气流的辐合抬升。前导低压与800~700hPa暖心低压扰动合并在一起,是由地面辐合、上升气流抽吸、潜热增温共同形成的低压扰动,对对流系统的维持和移动有重要作用。  相似文献   

近50年中国冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱相关的统计   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

汤懋苍  张拥军  李栋梁 《气象学报》2005,63(6):1006-1009

通过对冬季大地冷涡与春夏季干旱的相关分析,发现:除高原主体外,冬季的大地冷涡对应着春夏季为干旱少雨区;而且大地冷涡东面的地冷涡绝大多数也是春夏季的干旱少雨区。冬季大地冷涡在中国的出现频率为80%,可作为短期气候预测的重要因子。  相似文献   

2002年7月沈阳一次降水过程的催化数值模拟研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

陈宝君  周德平  宫福久  王吉宏  耿素江 《南京气象学院学报》2005,28(4):483-491

应用三维对流云模式和探空资料，对沈阳地区2002年7月12日发生的一次东北冷涡降水过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，这次降水主要是由积层混合云引起的，其中冰相过程占主导地位，霰的融化是最主要的雨生成项。催化模拟试验表明，当云体处于成熟稳定的积层混合云阶段，在0℃层高度以上播撒AgI能起到显著的增雨效果。积层混合云具有巨大的人工增雨潜力。  相似文献   

东北地区冬季气温与北极涛动年代际关系研究   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15  

胡秀玲  刘宣飞 《南京气象学院学报》2005,28(5):640-648

利用中国160站气温资料、北极涛动指数资料及关国NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中月平均海平面气压场、高度场、风场资料，分析了东北地区冬季气温、冬季北极涛动的年代际特征及其关系。结果表明：在年代际时间尺度上，两者之间存在显著正相关。冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期，东北冬季气温为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。可能影响机制是：在地面，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，西伯利亚高压增强（减弱），亚洲大陆偏北冬季风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期；在对流层中层，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，东亚大槽加深（减弱），贝加尔湖以西以北脊增强（减弱），环流呈经向（纬向）型发展，东北对流层中层偏北风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。  相似文献   

地震动输入界面的选取对深软场地地震效应的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈国兴  陈继华 《世界地震工程》2005,21(2):36-43

以天津和上海两个典型的深厚软弱场地为研究背景，探讨了地震动输入界面对场地地表地震动参数的影响。对于场地1(天津)和场地2(上海)，分别选择7个和8个剪切波速(υs)大小不同的土层位置作为地震动输入界面，并选用Taft、Northridge地震加速度记录和南京人工波作为输入地震动，将Taft波、Northridge波和南京人工波的加速度峰值水平调整为0．35m／s^2、0．70m／s^2和0．98m／s^2，用SHAKE91程序对这两个场地进行了不同的地震动输入界面、输入地震波和峰值加速度水平的128种组合的场地地震反应分析。与从假想基岩面(υs≥500m／s)输入地震动的结果(假想的实际值)相比，可得到如下结论：(1)随着地震动输入界面深度(剪切波速)的增加，场地地表加速度反应谱逐渐地向实际值接近；(2)地震动输入界面的深度相同时，地震动加速度峰值水平越高，两者的加速度反应谱谱值的相对差异也越大；(3)对于一般建筑物，可以把剪切波速为400m／s左右的土层作为地震动输入界面；对于中长周期的建筑物，则应慎重选择地震动输入界面，最好选取υs≥500m／s^2的土层或基岩面作为地震动输入界面。  相似文献   

多年冻土区桥梁的地震反应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈兴冲  高峰  严松宏  王常峰 《世界地震工程》2005,21(4):26-31

首先研究了冻土区桥梁的抗震计算方法，对波动法和惯性力法的计算结果进行厂对比分析。对比结果表明惯性力法的计算结果偏大，但当基岩的剪切波速很大时，两种方法的结果接近。然后，采用波动法对季节性冻土区和多年冻土区桥梁结构进行了地震反应分析，研究了冻土层的变化对桥梁结构地震反应的影响，得到了不同冻土厚度、不同墩高时桥墩地震内力分布的规律。计算结果表明，冻土层的存在对桥梁的地震反应具有显著影响，桥墩的地震反应在冬夏两季具有显著区别。  相似文献